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PRICE ELASTICITY

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Glossary

Definition

Price elasticity measures how sensitive demand for a product is to changes in its price. Technically, it is calculated as the percentage change in the quantity sold divided by the percentage change in price. A product is said to be "elastic" if a small change in price leads to a large change in sales volume.

Why it's important

  • Optimizing pricing decisions: Understanding price elasticity allows you to anticipate the impact of a price increase or decrease on revenue and profit margin.
  • Managing promotions: Products with high price elasticity generate higher sales volumes during promotions, which can offset the decline in unit margins.
  • Tailor the strategy by category: certain departments (fresh produce, apparel) have very different price elasticities, which require distinct pricing approaches.

A concrete example

A clothing retailer lowers the price of a pair of jeans from €50 to €45 (-10%). Sales increase from 100 to 130 units per week (+30%). The price elasticity is -3 (change in demand / change in price = 30% / -10%). This product is highly elastic: a price reduction leads to a significant increase in sales volume. Conversely, a staple good (milk, bread) will have an elasticity close to 0, because consumers buy the same quantity regardless of the price.

How to measure it

Formula: Elasticity = (% change in quantity) / (% change in price)

In practice, econometric models are used to analyze historical sales and price data in order to isolate the price effect from other factors (seasonality, competitor promotions, weather). Pricing analytics tools automate this calculation and provide price elasticities by product, store, or channel.

Common Mistakes

  • Confusing elasticity with correlation: a decline in sales is not always due to price. Elasticity isolates the price effect by controlling for other variables.
  • Use a single elasticity setting for all channels: elasticity can vary significantly between physical stores and online, or depending on geographic regions.
  • Ignoring cross-price elasticity: Lowering the price of one product can affect sales of a competing or complementary product in the same product line.

Learn more

  • Research & Data: Conduct a pricing analysis to measure the price elasticities of your product range and identify growth drivers.
  • Solutions: Pricing Analytics to automatically calculate price elasticities and simulate the impact of your price changes.
  • Tip: Pricing training to teach your teams key concepts and how to interpret elasticities.
  • Resources: See our pricing FAQ for more questions about pricing optimization.

Mini FAQ

Yes, price elasticity is generally negative: when the price rises, demand falls. An elasticity of -2 means that a 1% increase in price leads to a 2% decrease in volume.

Un produit élastique (élasticité < -1 en valeur absolue) voit sa demande fortement varier avec le prix. Un produit inélastique (élasticité > -1) est peu sensible au prix, comme les produits de première nécessité.

It's difficult. A/B testing or localized promotions can be used to generate price variations and estimate an initial price elasticity, but a robust historical dataset improves accuracy.